Potential alternative tree species to Fraxinus excelsior in European forests

Common ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) is a keystone tree species in Europe. However, since the 1990s, this has been experiencing widespread decline and mortality due to dieback [ Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Baral, Queloz Hosoya]. Besides H. , emerald borer Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), an invasive alien pest already devastating trees western Russia, spreading westward becoming emerging threat remaining European populations. While efforts control continue be priority, it crucial compensate for loss of its ecosystem services by elaborating restoration strategies, including search alternative native non-native species. This review summarizes available knowledge on potential common help forest managers cope with dieback. Although using natural regeneration promoting diversity can reduce impacts forests, our indicates that no alone or combination fully replace ecological niche associated (e.g., biodiversity timber). To fill gap, have considered are tolerant both A. similar forestry values as ash. Of 43 reviewed, few mandshurica Rupr. platypoda Oliv.) characteristics . performance their invasiveness potential, risk hybridization still unknown. With current state knowledge, thus too early recommend use suitable option deal The priority should conservation, regeneration, breeding populations well other Our highlights need controlled experimental plantations better understand ecology prior utilization forests.